Polyvinyl alcohol-based hollow fiber membrane and process for producing the same

ABSTRACT

A polyvinyl alcohol-based hollow fiber membrane having a ratio between the size of particles of 90% rejection and that of particles of 10% rejection of not more than 5, thus proving to have a sharp fractionating property, is produced by a process which comprises, on producing a polyvinyl alcohol-based hollow fiber membrane by dry-jet wet spinning or wet spinning, using a spinneret having heat insulating structure.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to a polyvinyl alcohol-based hollow fibermembrane and a process for producing the same. More specifically, thepresent invention relates to a polyvinyl alcohol-based hollow fibermembrane having a sharp fractionating capability, with which the ratiobetween the size of particles of 90% rejection and that of particles of10% rejection is not more than 5, and to a process for producing thesame.

2. Description of the Prior Art

Hollow fiber membranes from polyvinyl alcohol (hereinafter referred toas PVA), which is representative of hydrophilic polymers, are widely putin actual uses as various separation membranes. PVA-based hollow fibermembranes are produced by, for example, a process which comprisesextruding an aqueous solution of a vinyl alcohol-based polymer into anaqueous solution of a dehydrating agent such as sodium sulfate, aprocess which comprises extruding an aqueous solution of a vinylalcohol-based polymer into an aqueous solution of an alkali such assodium hydroxide and a process which comprises extruding an aqueoussolution of a vinyl alcohol-based polymer containing boric acid or aborate into an aqueous alkaline solution of a dehydrating salt, such asan aqueous mixed solution of sodium hydroxide and sodium sulfate. See,for example, Japanese Patent Publication Nos. 15268/1979 and 40654/1979.

There has been in recent years an increasing demand for a separationmembrane having sharp fractionating capability that can separatesubstances having only slightly different particle sizes. Intensivestudies have been made to obtain a PVA-based hollow fiber membranemeeting this demand. However, it is difficult to obtain, by the abovedisclosed processes, a PVA-based hollow fiber membrane that issatisfactory in the fractionating capability. At present, membranes withunsatisfactory fractionating capability are therefore being used as theyare. On the other hand, the objects to be separated by membraneseparation become more sophisticated year by year, thereby requiring amembrane having sharper fractionating capability.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Accordingly, an object of the present invention is to provide aPVA-based hollow fiber membrane having a sharp fractionating capability.

Another object of the present invention is to provide a process forproducing the above PVA-based hollow fiber membrane.

As a result of an intensive study to achieve the above objects, thepresent inventors found that: while performing spinning and coagulationwith the external temperature such as coagulating bath temperature beingkept at the same temperature as that of spinning dope gives nothing buta membrane having very small water permeability, decreasing thecoagulating bath temperature and like temperatures leads to productionof a membrane having improved water permeability but having no sharpfractionating capability. Based on these findings, the present inventorshave further made a detailed study, while paying attention to the factthat the spinning dope cools at part of the spinneret to undergo phaseseparation, to find that controlling the temperature of that part ofspinneret can produce a membrane having a sharp fractionatingcapability, and completed the invention.

Thus, the present invention provides a PVA-based hollow fiber membranewith which the ratio between the size of particles of 90% rejection andthat of particles of 10% rejection is not more than 5.

The present invention also provides a process for producing PVA-basedhollow fiber membranes, which comprises using, on producing a polyvinylalcohol-based hollow fiber membrane by dry-jet wet spinning or wetspinning, a spinneret having a heat insulating structure.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

A more complete appreciation of the invention and many of the attendantadvantages thereof will be readily obtained as the same become betterunderstood by reference to the following detailed description whenconsidered in connection with the accompanying drawings, wherein:

FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing an example of thespinneret used in the present invention;

FIG. 2 is a plan of the spinneret of FIG. 1;

FIG. 3 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a conventional spinneret;

FIG. 4 is a particle fractionation curve of the PVA-based hollow fibermembrane of Example 1; and

FIGS. 5 and 6 are electron photomicrographs with a magnification of3,750 showing the inner and outer surfaces, respectively, of thePVA-based hollow fiber membrane of Example 1.

DETAILED DESCRIPTIONS OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

The PVA-based hollow fiber membrane of the present invention has a sharpfractionating capability with which the ratio between the size ofparticles of 90% rejection and that of particles of 10% rejection is notmore than 5. The ratio between the size of particles of 90% rejectionand that of particles of 10% rejection as referred to in the presentinvention can be obtained by the following method. A 1% by weightaqueous dispersion is prepared from commercially available colloidalsilica, polystyrene latex or like particles having a sharp sizedistribution and is used as a dope. The dope is subjected to circulationfiltration under an external pressure of 0.5 kg/cm² through a one-endopen type module having an effective length and an effective membranearea of 20 cm and about 280 cm², respectively, at a circulation linearspeed of 30 cm/sec. At this time, 0.5 to 1.5 liter/m² of filtrate issampled. The concentrations of the dope and the filtrate are measuredand the rejection is calculated with the following formula (hereinafter"liter" is simply written as "1"). ##EQU1##

This procedure is followed for at least 3 particle groups havingdifferent sizes and a particle fractionation curve is prepared. From thecurve, the size of particles of 90% rejection and that of particles of10% rejection are read and the ratio between the two is calculated. FIG.4 is an example of a particle fractionation curve thus prepared.

The hollow fiber membrane of the present invention is widely applicableto ultrafiltration through microfiltration. If the size of particles of90% rejection becomes less than 0.01 μm, the water permeability willtend to decrease; while if the same size exceeds 1 μm, the mechanicalstrength of the hollow fiber membrane will often decrease. It istherefore desirable that the size of particles of 90% rejection be in arange of 0.01 to 1 μm.

The hollow fiber membrane of the present invention generally has anouter diameter of about 50 to 3,000 μm and a membrane thickness of 10 to750 μm. The dimensions can be appropriately selected depending on themethod of use, such as external pressure filtration or internal pressurecirculation filtration.

The PVA-based hollow fiber membrane of the present invention may haveany membrane surface structure, with no specific restrictions, includingsingle pores of circular or elliptic shape, continuous pores, net-likemicropores, slit-like micropores and the like. However, it is desirablethat the outer surface and/or inner surface comprise slit-likemicropores, which are more likely to have higher water permeability andsharper fractionating capability than other pore shapes.

The slit-like micropores mean micropores thinly extending in thedirection of hollow fiber axis and having a ratio between the length inthe fiber axis direction and that in a direction perpendicular theretoof generally at least 3, preferably at least 5. FIGS. 5 and 6, which arescanning electron microphotographes of the inner and outer surfaces ofthe membrane obtained in Example 1, show slit-like micropores having aratio between the length in the fiber axis direction and that in adirection perpendicular thereto of about 12 for outer surface and about6 for inner surface.

There are no specific restrictions with respect to the cross-sectionalstructure of the membrane either, and the structure includessponge-structure, finger-structure and the like, distributed uniformlyor anisotropically throughout the cross-section.

The process for producing PVA-based hollow fiber membranes according tothe present invention is described next. The spinning dope used for thespinning of the PVA-based hollow fiber membrane is generally a solutionof a vinyl alcohol-based polymer and a pore-forming agent in a commonsolvent for the two components.

The vinyl alcohol-based polymer used in the present invention includesPVAs having an average degree of polymerization of 500 to 16,000 and adegree of saponification of 85 to 100 mole %, modified PVAs such aspartially acetalized one, copolymers (including block copolymers andgrafted copolymers) of vinyl alcohol with not more than 20 mole % ofethylene, propylene, vinylpyrrolidone, vinyl chloride, vinyl fluoride,methyl methacrylate, acrylonitrile, itaconic acid or the like andderivatives thereof. Vinyl alcohol-based polymers having a largermolecular weight can be spun at a lower concentration, thereby beingcapable of producing membranes with higher water permeability. In thiscase, moreover, the resulting membranes have higher mechanical strengththanks to increased molecular entanglement. Vinyl alcohol-based polymershaving an average degree of polymerization of at least 1,700 aretherefore preferably used. The concentration of the vinyl alcohol-basedpolymer used is, differing depending on the molecular weight, generally1 to 50% by weight, preferably 3 to 20% by weight.

Examples of usable pore-forming agents are glycols, e.g. polyethyleneglycol having an average molecular weight of 200 to 4,000,000,polypropylene glycol, tetraethylene glycol, triethylene glycol andethylene glycol; alcohols, e.g. methanol, ethanol and propanol;polyhydric alcohols, e.g. glycerin and butanediol; and esters, e.g.ethyl lactate and butyl lactate. These pore-forming agents may be usedeither singly or in combination of 2 or more. The amount of thepore-forming agent to be added differs depending on the type of thevinyl alcohol-based polymer used and that of itself, but shoulddesirably be so selected that the resulting spinning dope has an uppercritical separation temperature (hereinafter referred to as "UCST")within the later specified range.

Examples of solvents usable for preparing the spinning dope are water,alcohol/water, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) dimethylformamide (DMF),dimethylacetamide (DMAc) and N-methylpyrrolidone, among which water ispreferred from the viewpoint of commercial production.

The spinning dope may suitably incorporate, in addition to the abovecomponents, boric acid which accelerates coagulation, an acid such asacetic acid which prevents the vinyl alcohol-based polymer from formingcross-linkage, a surfactant which improves spinning stability, anantifoam and like additives.

Stirring and dissolving these components at a high temperature ofgenerally at least 95° C. gives a spinning dope. This spinning dope,being of high temperature-soluble type, has a UCST and becomes ahomogeneous transparent solution at a high temperature. The UCST meansthe temperature at which a spinning dope, when its temperature isdecreased gradually, changes from a transparent to an opaque condition.This is also called whitening point or cloudy point and is one of theimportant elements in producing a hollow fiber membrane having a sharpfractionating capability. The UCST is generally in a range of 30° to 95°C., preferably 50° to 90° C. With the UCST being lower than 30° C., thewater permeability tends to decrease; and with that exceeding 95° C.,the spinning dope often has poor storability, thereby deteriorating thespinning stability.

The spinning dope thus prepared is, together with an internalcoagulating liquid, extruded through a spinneret directly (wet spinning), or after passing through air (dry-jet wet spinning), into acoagulating bath to be coagulated therein, to form the PVA-based hollowfiber membrane of the present invention.

The external coagulating bath mainly comprises an aqueous coagulatingagent. Examples of the aqueous coagulating agent are aqueous solutionsof dehydrating salts such as sodium sulfate and those of alkalinesubstances such as sodium hydroxide and ammonia, which may be usedsingly or in combination. Besides these aqueous coagulating agents,organic coagulating agents with which vinyl alcohol-based polymer iscoagulatable, such as methanol and ethanol, may also be used alone or incombination with water.

The internal coagulating liquid may be the same solution as the aboveexternal coagulating bath, or a gas such as air, nitrogen or ammonia maybe used. Also usable are organic solvents having no coagulating powerfor vinyl alcohol-based polymers and being immischible with the solventused for the spinning dope, such as hexane and liquid paraffin.

The compositions of the external coagulating bath and internalcoagulating liquid are suitably selected according to the fractionatingcapability of the desired membrane. Here, it is desirable to maintainthe temperatures of the external coagulating bath and internalcoagulating liquid below the UCST of the spinning dope. This is because,by doing so the spinning dope is cooled to accelerate microphaseseparation, so that a very porous membrane can be formed. The differencebetween the temperatures of the coagulating bath and liquid and the UCSTis more preferably at least 30° C.

Metallic spinnerets are generally used for producing PVA-based hollowfiber membranes, since high degree of precision is required.Conventional spinnerets for producing hollow fiber membranes have anannular-shape nozzle as shown, for example, in FIG. 3. Through this typeof spinneret the spinning dope is extruded into a hollow capillary shapeand coagulated by action of the internal coagulating liquid and externalcoagulating bath, to yield a hollow fiber membrane.

In the present invention, it is important that the spinneret used have aheat insulating structure. The part of a spinneret where the spinningdope contacts the internal coagulating liquid or external coagulatingbath is generally made of a metal having excellent corrosion resistance,such as gold, platinum or stainless steel. A heat insulating structuremay be applied to the outside and/or inside of the spinneret, but it ispreferably applied to the inside, which more likely achieves sharpfractionating capability. The part of the spinneret, where the spinningdope contacts the coagulating bath or the coagulating liquid, may beconstituted of a plastic having a heat insulating property.

FIG. 1 shows an example of a spinneret having a heat insulatingstructure on both its outside and inside. The spinneret consists of anupper nozzle and a lower nozzle, with the clearance between the twobeing sealable liquid-tight. 1 is the metal member of the upper nozzle,2 that of the lower nozzle and 3 a metallic pipe for passing theinternal coagulating liquid. A heat insulating member 4 is provided onthe inner surface of the lower nozzle and a heat insulating member 5covers the passage for the spinning dope of the upper nozzle. Part ofthe metallic pipe of the upper nozzle is covered with a heat insulatingmember 6. The spinning dope enters at 7 and leaves at 8, while theinternal coagulating liquid enters at 9 and leaves at 10. 11 is a heatinsulating member for the outer surface of the nozzle. The tip of themetallic pipe 3 may be positioned higher or lower than, or at the samelevel with, the level of the bottom surface of the lower nozzle. FIG. 1is an example, where the tip of the metallic pipe 3 projects down belowthe level of the bottom surface of the lower nozzle.

The heat insulating member 6 desirably covers most of the area where thespinning dope is distributed around the metallic pipe 3 and may coverthe entire length of the metallic pipe 3. The heat insulating members 4,5, 6 and 11 may be of any material that has a smaller coefficient ofthermal conductivity than that of gold, platinum, stainless steel orlike metals used. Examples of usable materials for this purpose are heatresistant resins, e.g. fluororesins such as teflon, polysulfone resins,polyphenylene oxide resin, polyphenylene sulfide resin,polyetheretherketone resins, phenol resins and epoxy resins; andceramics such as alumina. These heat insulating members are bonded tothe intended part with, for example, water-resistant adhesives. Thethickness of the heat insulating members cannot be specifiedindiscriminately and should be suitably selected according to thematerial and the desired hollow fiber membrane.

FIG. 2 is a plan seen from above of the spinneret of FIG. 1. While FIGS.1 and 2 show a spinneret having only one hole, the number of holes perspinneret is not limited to one but may be a plurality.

The outer and inner diameters of the hole for extruding the spinningdope is suitably selected according to the diameter of the desiredhollow fiber membrane, while the bath draft should be taken intoconsideration. The bath draft herein means the ratio between the take-upspeed of the coagulated filament and the linear velocity at the nozzleexit of the spinning dope. Higher bath draft is preferred since it tendsto provide the resulting hollow fiber membrane with slit-like microporeshaving sharper fractionating capability and higher water permeability.However, too high a bath draft often causes troubles during spinning,such as filament breakage. On the other hand, too low a bath draft tendsto cause slackening in the coagulating bath. It is therefore desirableto set the bath draft at 1.0 to 20.

Although the mechanism involved in the spinneret having a heatinsulating structure leading to production of PVA-based hollow fibermembranes having sharp fractionating capability is not quite clear, itis considered to be due to the following. That is, where a spinning dopeis spun through a conventional spinneret, if the temperatures of theexternal coagulating bath and internal coagulating liquid are set lowerthan the UCST of the spinning dope, cooling with the upper and lowernozzles and metallic pipe causes the spinning dope inside the spinneretto undergo phase separation partially, thereby yielding a membranehaving a non-uniform membrane structure.

On the other hand, use of a spinneret having a heat insulating structureas used in the present invention prevents the spinning dope fromundergoing the partial phase separation caused by cooling inside thespinneret. As a result, a membrane having a uniform structure and sharpfractionating capability can be obtained. Besides, in this case it ispossible to set the spinning dope temperature at near the UCST and, atthe same time, to set the coagulating bath temperature considerablylower than the UCST. Then, microphase separation of the spinning dope inthe coagulating bath is accelerated, so that a porous membrane havinghigh water permeability can be produced. Furthermore, spinning withhigher bath draft than in the usual process becomes possible thanks tothe absence of local phase separation, thereby readily forming slit-likemicropores.

The PVA-based hollow fiber membrane coagulated in the coagulating bathcan be, as necessary, subjected to drawing, neutralization, waterwashing, wet heat treatment, sodium sulfate substitution, drying andlike treatments. It is also possible to modify the membrane by, forexample, acetalization with a monoaldehyde and/or polyaldehyde, e.g.formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde, benzaldehyde, glyoxal and nonanedial,esterification or etherification, and/or to crosslink the membrane witha methylol or polyisocyanate, singly or in combination. Heat drawingand/or heat treatment can also be carried out after spinning, andfurther after such treatment the above various modification treatmentsmay be done.

The PVA-based hollow fiber membranes of the present invention, havingsharp fractionating capability, is effective in separating differentsubstances having close particle sizes and can be used for variousindustrial purposes, e.g. purifying solvents and oils, recoveringeffective substances from used solvents, treating waste liquids or wastewater, purifying sugar liquid, treating proteins and purifying platingliquids; medical applications, e.g. blood filtration and separation ofplasma and like uses.

EXAMPLES

Other features of the invention will become apparent in the course ofthe following detailed descriptions of exemplary embodiments which aregiven for illustration of the invention and are not intended to belimiting thereof.

Example 1

Water was added to a PVA (PVA-124; made by Kuraray Co., Ltd.) having adegree of saponification of 98.4 mole % and an average degree ofpolymerization of 2,400, a polyethylene glycol (PEG#600, made by SanyoChemical Industries) having an average molecular weight of 600, boricacid and acetic acid and the mixture was dissolved by heating to 100° C.to yield an aqueous solution containing 17.0% by weight of the PVA,26.5% by weight of the polyethylene glycol, 0.7% by weight of boric acidand 0.07% by weight of acetic acid. The solution was a high temperaturesoluble type dope having a UCST of 80° C. This solution was used asspinning dope and wet spinning was conducted with a spinneret as shownin FIG. 1, at 85° C. The external coagulating bath and internalcoagulating liquid both comprised an aqueous mixed solution of 40 g/l ofsodium hydroxide and 200 g/l of sodium sulfate and had the sametemperature of 27° C. The bath draft was set at 2.0. The hollow fibermembrane obtained was immersed in an aqueous solution ofglutaraldehyde/sulfuric acid/sodium sulfate (=5/30/200 g/l) at 60° C.for 3 hours to undergo crosslinking, to yield a PVA-based hollow fibermembrane which was insoluble in hot water.

The membrane obtained had an outer diameter and an inner diameter of 1.1mm and 0.6 mm, respectively, an effective length and an effectivemembrane area of 20 cm and 280 cm², respectively, and a waterpermeability as measured by conducting external pressure filtration witha one end open type module under a filtration pressure of 1 kg/cm² of1,100 l/m².hr.kg/cm². The membrane showed rejections of 7% for adispersion of 0.045-μm colloidal silica, and 18%, 78% and 98% fordispersions of polystyrene latexes of 0.08 μm, 0.12 μm and 0.2 μm,respectively. Based on these data, a particle fractionation curve wasprepared as shown in FIG. 4. From this curve, the particle size of 0.15μm at 90% rejection and that of 0.06 μm at 10% rejection were read, andthe ratio between the particle sizes of 90% rejection and 10% rejectionwas obtained by calculation, to be 2.5. The membrane had, as shown inFIGS. 5 and 6, a slit-like micropore structure on both outer surface andinner surface. The cross-section had a fairly uniform sponge structure.

Example 2

Water was added to a PVA (PVA-140H; made by Kuraray Co., Ltd.) having adegree of saponification of 99.7 mole % and an average degree ofpolymerization of 4,000, a polyethylene glycol having an averagemolecular weight of 600, boric acid and acetic acid and the mixture wasdissolved by heating to 100° C. to yield an aqueous solution containing14.0% by weight of the PVA, 22.5% by weight of the polyethylene glycol,0.5% by weight of boric acid and 0.3% by weight of acetic acid. Thesolution was a high temperature soluble type dope having a UCST of 81°C. This solution was used as spinning dope and wet spinning wasconducted with a spinneret as shown in FIG. 1, at 82° C. The externalcoagulating bath comprised an aqueous mixed solution of 60 g/l of sodiumhydroxide and 200 g/l of sodium sulfate. The internal coagulating liquidcomprised an aqueous mixed solution of 40 g/l of sodium hydroxide and200 g/l of sodium sulfate. Both had the same temperature of 27° C. Thebath draft was set at 2.0. The hollow fiber membrane obtained wasimmersed in an aqueous solution of glutaraldehyde/sulfuric acid/sodiumsulfate (=5/30/200 g/l) at 60° C. for 3 hours to undergo crosslinking,to yield a PVA-based hollow fiber membrane which was insoluble in hotwater.

The membrane obtained had an outer diameter and an inner diameter of 1.1mm and 0.6 mm, respectively and a water permeability as determined inthe same manner as in Example 1 of 2,200 l/m².hr.kg/cm². Thefractionation characteristics were tested in the same manner. That is,from the particle fractionation curve prepared from measurements on the4 types of particles having different particle sizes, the particle sizeof 0.35 μm at 90% rejection and that of 12 μm at 10% rejection wereread. The ratio between the particle sizes of 90% rejection and 10%rejection was obtained by calculation, to be 2.9. The membrane had aslit-like micropore structure on both outer surface and inner surface.The cross-section had a fairly uniform sponge structure.

Comparative Example 1

Wet spinning was carried out in the same manner as in Example 1 exceptthat a spinneret as shown in FIG. 3 was used. The spinning dope wascooled down to a large extent, so that a satisfactory hollow fibermembrane could not be obtained.

Comparative Example 2

Comparative Example 1 was repeated except that the temperature of thespinning dope was set at 95° C. The hollow fiber membrane obtained bycoagulation was subjected to crosslinking treatment in the same manneras in Example 1, to yield a PVA-based hollow fiber membrane having thesame outer and inner diameters as those of Example 1. The membrane had awater permeability as determined in the same manner as in Example 1 of500 l/m².hr.kg/cm². Also in the same manner as in Example 1, from theparticle fractionation curve prepared from measurements on the 4 typesof particles having different particle sizes, the particle size of 0.4μm at 90% rejection and that of 0.04 μm at 10% rejection were read. Theratio between the particle sizes of 90% rejection and 10% rejection wasobtained by calculation, to be 10.0.

Example 3

The hollow fiber membranes obtained in Example 1 and Comparative Example2 were tested for bacteria retention capability in accordance with JISK3835. With the hollow fiber membrane of Example 1, the filtrate showedno test bacteria (Pseudomonas Demineuta), thus proving completeretention. On the other hand, with the hollow fiber membrane ofComparative Example 2, the filtrate contained 5×10³ pieces of the testbacteria, thus proving incomplete retention.

Examples 4 through 6

Water was added to a PVA (PVA-124; made by Kuraray Co., Ltd.) having adegree of saponification of 98.4 mole % and an average degree ofpolymerization of 2,400, a polyethylene glycol having an averagemolecular weight of 600, boric acid and acetic acid and the mixture wasdissolved by heating to 100° C. to yield an aqueous solution containing16.0% by weight of the PVA, 26.0% by weight of the polyethylene glycol,0.7% by weight of boric acid and 0.3% by weight of acetic acid. Thesolution was a high temperature soluble type dope having a UCST of 76°C. This solution was used as spinning dope and wet spinning wasconducted with a spinneret as shown in FIG. 1, at 82° C. The bath draftwas set at 1.0, 8.0 or 17.0, to produce hollow fiber membranes.

The external coagulating bath comprised an aqueous mixed solution of 20g/l of sodium hydroxide and 200 g/l of sodium sulfate and the internalcoagulating liquid comprised an aqueous solution of 40 g/l of sodiumhydroxide. The temperature of the external coagulating bath was set at25° C., while that of the internal coagulating liquid at 40° C. Thehollow fiber membranes obtained were immersed in an aqueous solution ofglutaraldehyde/sulfuric acid/sodium sulfate (=2.5/30/200 g/l) at 60° C.for 1 hour and then in one of formaldehyde/sulfuric acid/sodium sulfate(=100/200/200 g/l) at 60° C. for 3 hours to undergo crosslinking, toyield three PVA-based hollow fiber membranes which were insoluble in hotwater.

Table 1 shows the characteristics of the membranes thus obtained. Thefollowing is understood from the table. The higher the bath draft, thehigher the water permeability and the smaller the ratio between theparticle sizes of 90% rejection and 10% rejection. With respect to themembrane surface structure, the higher the bath draft, the larger thelength of slit-like micropores in the fiber axis direction.

                  TABLE 1                                                         ______________________________________                                        Membrane    Water   Fractionating                                                                            Membrane                                       diameter    per-    capability structure                                                 (μm)  mea-  90%        Outer                                                                              Inner                                                                              Cross-                             Bath   outer/   bil-  rejec-                                                                             Ra-   sur- sur- sec-                           Ex. draft  inner    ity.sup.1)                                                                          tion tio   face face tion                           ______________________________________                                        4   1.0    450/300  1,800 0.21 4.0   Oval Oval Sponge                         5   8.0    450/300  2,200 0.22 2.4   Slit Slit Sponge                         6   17.0   450/300  2,500 0.24 2.3   Slit Slit Sponge                         ______________________________________                                         .sup.1) unit: l/m.sup.2 · hr · kg/cm.sup.2             

Example 7

Water was added to a PVA having a degree of saponification of 98.5 mole% and an average degree of polymerization of 16,000, a polyethyleneglycol having an average molecular weight of 1,000, ethylene glycol,boric acid and acetic acid and the mixture was dissolved by heating to100° C. to yield an aqueous solution containing 4.0% by weight of thePVA, 23.0% by weight of the polyethylene glycol, 5.0% by weight ofethylene glycol, 0.2% by weight of boric acid and 0.02% by weight ofacetic acid. The solution was a high temperature soluble type dopehaving a UCST of 60° C. This solution was used as spinning dope anddry-jet wet spinning was conducted with a spinneret as shown in FIG. 1,at 80° C.

The running length in air was set at 5 cm. The external coagulating bathcomprised an aqueous mixed solution of 120 g/l of sodium hydroxide and60 g/l of sodium sulfate and the internal coagulating liquid comprisedan aqueous solution of 60 g/l of sodium hydroxide. The temperatures ofthe external coagulating bath and internal coagulating liquid were both30° C. The bath draft was set at 2.0. The hollow fiber membrane obtainedwas immersed in an aqueous solution of glutaraldehyde/sulfuricacid/sodium sulfate (=2.5/30/200 g/l) at 60° C. for 1 hour and then inan aqueous solution of formaldehyde/sulfuric acid/sodium sulfate(=100/200/200 g/l) at 60° C. for 3 hours to undergo crosslinking, toyield a PVA-based hollow fiber membrane which was insoluble in hotwater.

The membrane obtained had an outer diameter and an inner diameter of 1.1mm and 0.6 mm, respectively, and a water permeability as obtained in thesame manner as in Example 1 of 5,000 l/m².hr.kg/cm². Also in the samemanner as in Example 1, from the particle fractionation curve preparedfrom measurements on the 4 types of particles having different particlesizes, the particle size of 0.8 μm at 90% rejection and that of 0.25 μmat 10% rejection were read. The ratio between the particle sizes of 90%rejection and 10% rejection was obtained by calculation, to be 3.2. Themembrane had a slit-like micropore structure on the inner surface andcontinuous pores having a relatively circular shape on the outersurface. The cross-section had an anisotropic sponge structure in whichthe pore diameter increased gradually from the inner to outer surface.

Example 8

Wet spinning was conducted at 95° C. with the spinning dope used inExample 1 and a spinneret as shown in FIG. 1. The external coagulatingbath comprised an aqueous mixed solution of 60 g/l of sodium hydroxideand 200 g/l of sodium sulfate and internal coagulating liquid comprisedan aqueous mixed solution of 40 g/l of sodium hydroxide and 200 g/l ofsodium sulfate. The temperatures of the external coagulating bath andinternal coagulating liquid were 25° C. and 50° C., respectively. Thebath draft was set at 1.3. The hollow fiber membrane obtained wasimmersed in an aqueous solution of glutaraldehyde/sulfuric acid/sodiumsulfate (=5/30/200 g/l) at 60° C. for 3 hours to undergo crosslinking,to yield a PVA-based hollow fiber membrane which was insoluble in hotwater.

The membrane obtained had an outer diameter and an inner diameter of 2.0mm and 1.2 mm, respectively, and a water permeability as obtained in thesame manner as in Example 1 of 400 l/m².hr.kg/cm². Also in the samemanner as in Example 1, from the particle fractionation curve preparedfrom measurements on the 4 types of particles having different particlesizes, the particle size of 0.02 μm at 90% rejection and that of 0.008μm at 10% rejection were read. The ratio between the particle sizes of90% rejection and 10% rejection was obtained by calculation, to be 2.5.The membrane had a slit-like micropore structure on both of the innersurface and the outer surface. The cross-section had a fairly uniformsponge structure.

Example 9

Water was added to a PVA (PVA-117, made by Kuraray Co., Ltd.) having adegree of saponification of 98.5 mole % and an average degree ofpolymerization of 1,700, a polyethylene glycol (PEG#600, made by SanyoChemical Industries) having an average molecular weight of 600, boricacid and acetic acid and the mixture was dissolved by heating to 100° C.to yield an aqueous solution containing 18.0% by weight of the PVA,25.5% by weight of the polyethylene glycol, 0.8% by weight of boric acidand 0.08% by weight of acetic acid. The solution was a high temperaturesoluble type dope having a UCST of 80° C. This solution was used asspinning dope and wet spinning was conducted with a spinneret as shownin FIG. 1, at 85° C.

The external coagulating bath comprised an aqueous mixed solution of 60g/l of sodium hydroxide and 200 g/l of sodium sulfate and internalcoagulating medium comprised air. The temperatures of the externalcoagulating bath and internal coagulating medium were both 25° C. Thebath draft was set at 2.0. The hollow fiber membrane obtained wasimmersed in an aqueous solution of glutaraldehyde/sulfuric acid/sodiumsulfate (=5/30/200 g/l) at 60° C. for 3 hours to undergo crosslinking,to yield a PVA-based hollow fiber membrane which was insoluble in hotwater.

The membrane obtained had an outer diameter and an inner diameter of 1.1mm and 0.6 mm, respectively, and a water permeability as obtained in thesame manner as in Example 1 of 700 l/m².hr.kg/cm². Also in the samemanner as in Example 1, from the particle fractionation curve preparedfrom measurements on the 4 types of particles having different particlesizes, the particle size of 0.13 μm at 90% rejection and that of 0.04 μmat 10% rejection were read. The ratio between the particle sizes of 90%rejection and 10% rejection was obtained by calculation, to be 3.3. Themembrane had a slit-like micropore structure on the outer surface andsingle pores having a relatively circular shape on the inner surface.The cross-section had a fairly uniform sponge-structure.

Obviously, numerous modifications and variations of the presentinvention are possible in light of the above teachings. It is thereforeto be understood that within the scope of the appended claims, theinvention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically describedherein.

What is claimed is:
 1. A polyvinyl alcohol-based hollow fiber membranehaving a rejection ratio between particle sizes of 90% rejection andparticle sizes of 10% rejection of not more than 5,wherein the size ofparticles of 90% rejection is about 0.01 to 1 μm.
 2. The polyvinylalcohol-based hollow fiber membrane according to claim 1, having slitmicropores on the outer surface, the inner surface or on both the outerand inner surfaces.